THERE IS AND THERE ARE

“There” adalah salah satu jenis kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang diketahui ada.

Coba bandingkan kedua kalimat berikut:

1. “A fly is in my soup.”
2. “There is a fly in my soup!”

Kalimat pertama adalah kalimat faktual dan impersonal. The fly (lalat) adalah subjek, dan soup (sop) adalah objek. Dalam kalimat ke-dua objek adalah “a fly in my soup”, sehingga subjek adalah “There”. “There” berfungsi sebagai sebuah jenis subjek sulih (dummy) yang mewakili perspektif yang lebih personal ketimbang pernyataan faktual.

Terkhusus dalam bahasa Inggris lisan kita biasanya menggunakan singkatan.

Berikut bentuk-bentuk “there” dalam kalimat Simple Present.

Kalimat positif There’s a tree in my garden. There are books on the desk. (‘there are’ tidak memiliki singkatan) Kalimat negatif There isn’t a computer in my bedroom. There aren’t any cinemas here.

Pertanyaan Is there a restaurant here? Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t

There is digunakan bersama kata benda tunggal. Contoh:

• There is a book on the table

There are digunakan bersama kata benda jamak. Contoh:

• There are two magazines on the desk.

Akan tetapi, terkadang kita dapat menggunakan “There is” bersama dengan subjek ganda, misalnya:

• There’s a bank and apost office near my house.

Contoh penggunaan dalam percakapan

1) A : Tyler, do you like London?
    B : Sure, there are lots of restaurants and shops, and there’s a lot of beautiful parks and 
         museums as well. I really want to live there.
    A : Me too!

2) A : Hey, this is a great apartment.
    B : Thanks. There’s a lot of space, and there are some really nice neighbors as well.
    A : Are there any stores near here?
    B : Sure, there is a supermarket near here.
    A : You have a great view!
    B : Right. There’s only one problem.
    A : What’s that?
    B : It’s really expensive!

3) X : Is there any pizza?
    Y : No we don’t have any, sorry.
    X : Well, are there any apples?
    Y : Er, yes, there’s some in the kitchen. Help yourself.

Kosa kata baru:

there are = ada restaurant = restoran shop = toko there is = ada beautiful = indah park = taman museum = museum there  = disana live = tinggal apartment = apartemen

space =ruang near = dekat nearby = dekat view = pendapat problem = masalah expensive = mahal pizza = pizza sorry = maaf kitchen = dapur help yourself = kerjakan sendiri

How to Use SOME & ANY

Some

Some digunakan untuk menunjukkan jumlah yang tidak pasti, jumlah pasti dianggap tidak penting. Some digunakan pada pernyataan-pernyataan afirmatif, misalnya:
- I have some books.
- She wants some apples.

Some juga digunakan dalam pertanyaan, tetapi hanya apabila kita memperkirakan jawaban pertanyaan tersebut adalah “Ya”. Contoh:
- Do you have some paper? (penanya berharap jawabannya adalah “Ya”)
- Would you like some french fries? (penanya berharapan jawabannya adalah “Ya”).

Any

Any digunakan dalam pernyataan-pernyataan negatif. Misalnya:
- I don’t have any money.
- There aren’t any taxis near here.

Any juga umumnya digunakan dalam pertanyaan, khususnya jika kita memperkirakan jawabannya adalah “Tidak”. Contoh:
- Do you have any paper? (penanya memperkirakan jawabannya kemungkinan “Tidak”)
- Is there any time to go to the doctor’s? (penanya memperkirakan kemungkinan tidak ada waktu).

Some dan any sering digunakan seperti artikel (a/an) untuk kata benda jamak. A/an digunakan untuk kata benda countable tunggal, dan some/any bisa digunakan untuk kata benda jamak, countable atau uncountable. Misalnya:
- I have a newspaper, some newspaper, and some money

“A newspaper” merupakan kata benda countable tunggal jadi digunakan a, “newspapers” merupakan kata benda countable jamak jadi digunakan some, dan money merupakan kata benda uncountable jadi juga digunakan some.

Pada awalnya memang kelihatan rumit, tetapi ketika anda mempraktikkan penggunaannya dan tidak sekedar membacanya akan lebih bermakna, dan semakin anda berpengalaman dan percaya diri anda akan segera belajar menggunakan grammar bahasa Inggris dengan baik.

Contoh penggunaan dalam percakapan

1) Do you have any coffee?
No, I don’t, but I’ve got some tea. Do you want some?
Yes, please.
Do you want a cookie too?
Sure, I love cookies.

2) I’m really hungry. Let’s eat.
OK. I’ve got some chicken in the refridgerator, do you want some?
Yea, that sounds great.
I’ve also got some tacos in the cupboard, and there’s an apple pie as well.
Do you have any juice?
Sure, it’s over there. Help yourself.

3) It’s Mum’s birthday next week. Let’s get her a present.
OK. How about some perfume?
Well, she doesn’t have any. She doesn’t use it.
So how about some clothes or a watch?
That’s a good idea, but I don’t know her size.
Let’s just buy a gift voucher. Then she can choose her own present.
Great idea!

Kosa kata baru:

Any = satu atau beberapa coffee = kopi some = beberapa tea = teh I’ve got = I have = mendapatkan cookie = kue kering refrigerator = kulkas taco = taco cupboard = lemari birthday = ulang tahun

Get = mendapatkan present = kado/hadiah perfume = parfum use = menggunakan watch = jam tangan size = ukuran gift voucher = voucher hadiah then = kemudian choose = memilih

Look at the chart below:

SOME	We use "some" in positive sentences. We use some for both countable and uncountable nouns.Example: I have some friends.
ANY	We use "any" in negative sentences or questions. We use any for both countable and uncountable nouns.Example: Do you have any cheese? - He doesn't have any friends in Chicago.
EXCEPTION!	We use "some" in questions when offering or requesting something that is there.Example: Would you like some bread? (offer) - Could I have some water? (request)
ANY	We use "any" in negative sentences or questions. We use any for both countable and uncountable nouns.Example: Do you have any cheese? - He doesn't have any friends in Chicago.
SOMEBODY, SOMEWHERE, SOMETHING	We use "some" words - somebody, someone, somewhere and something - in positive sentences. Example: He lives somewhere near here.
ANYBODY, ANYWHERE, ANYTHING	We use "any" words - anybody, anyone, anywhere and anything - in negative sentences or questions. Example: Do you know anything about that boy? - She doesn't have anywhere to go.

To all the grade 7 students of SMP 7 Tegal,
Download the exercise of some and any HERE 

Daftar Nilai UHB2

DNA MANUSIA

Informasi yang tersimpan di dalam DNA sedikit pun tidak boleh dianggap enteng. Walaupun sukar untuk dipercaya, dalam sebuah molekul DNA tunggal milik manusia, terdapat cukup informasi untuk mengisi tepat sejuta halaman ensiklopedia.

Coba pikirkan; tepat 1000.000 halaman ensiklopedia…. inti dari setiap sel mengandung sebanyak itu informasi, yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan fungsi tubuh manusia. Sebagai analogi, kita dapat katakan bahwa bahkan Ensiklopedia Britannica yang banyaknya 23 jilid, salah satu ensiklopedia terbesar di dunia, memiliki 25.000 halaman. Jadi, di hadapan kita terbentang sebuah fakta yang menakjubkan.

Di dalam sebuah molekul yang ditemukan di dalam inti sel, yang jauh lebih kecil dari sel berukuran mikroskopis tempatnya berada, terdapat gudang penyimpanan data yang 40 kali lebih besar daripada ensiklopedia terbesar di dunia yang menyimpang jutaan pokok informasi. Ini sama dengan 920 jilid ensiklopedia besar yang unik dan tidak ada bandingannya di dunia. Riset menemukan bahwa ensiklopedia besar ini diperkirakan mengandung 5 miliar potongan informasi yang berbeda. Jika satu potong informasi yang ada di dalam gen manusia akan dibaca setiap detik, tanpa henti, sepanjang waktu, akan dibutuhkan 100 tahun sebelum proses selesai. Jika kita bayangkan bahwa informasi di dalam DNA dijadikan bentuk buku, lalu buku-buku ini ditumpuk, maka tingginya akan mencapai 70 meter.

Reported Speech - Indirect Speech

Indirect Speech (also referred to as 'reported speech') refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said. It is almost always used in spoken English.

• If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause will be in a past form. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original. For example:
  
  • He said the test was difficult.
  • She said she watched TV every day.
  • Jack said he came to school every day.
• If simple present, present perfect or the future is used in the reporting verb (i.e. says) the tense is retained. For example:
  
  • He says the test is difficult.
  • She has said that she watches TV every day.
  • Jack will say that he comes to school every day.
• If reporting a general truth the present tense will be retained. For example:The teacher said that phrasal verbs are very important.

Changing Pronouns and Time Signifiers
When changing from direct speech to indirect speech, it is often necessary to change the pronouns to match the subject of the sentence.
For example:

• She said, "I want to bring my children." BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children.
• Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show." BECOMES Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show.

It is also important to change time words (signifiers) when referring to present, past or future time to match the moment of speaking.
For example:

• She said, "I want to bring my children tomorrow." BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children the next day.
• Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show yesterday." BECOMES Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show the day before.

Indirect Questions
When reporting questions, it is especially important to pay attention to sentence order. When reporting yes/ no questions connect the reported question using 'if'. When reporting questions using question words (why, where, when, etc.) use the question word.
For example:

• She asked, "Do you want to come with me?" BECOMES She asked me if I wanted to come with her.
• Dave asked, "Where did you go last weekend?" BECOMES Dave asked me where I had gone the previous weekend.
• He asked, "Why are you studying English?" BECOMES She asked me why I was studying English.

The following chart includes sentences changed from quoted speech to reported speech using a past form. NoteSimple past, present perfect, and past perfect allchange to past perfect in the reported form.



See these transformations below:

He said, "I live in Paris."	He said he lived in Paris.
He said, "I am cooking dinner."	He said he was cooking dinner.
He said, "I have visted London twice."	He said he had visited London twice.
He said, "I went to New York last week."	He said he had gone to New York the week before.
He said, "I had already eaten."	He said he had already eaten.
He said, "I am going to find a new job."	He said he was going to find a new job.
He said, "I will give Jack a call."	He said he would give Jack a call.

Check your understanding with this reported speech quiz:
Reported Speech Transformations Quiz