DNA MANUSIA

Informasi yang tersimpan di dalam DNA sedikit pun tidak boleh dianggap enteng. Walaupun sukar untuk dipercaya, dalam sebuah molekul DNA tunggal milik manusia, terdapat cukup informasi untuk mengisi tepat sejuta halaman ensiklopedia.

Coba pikirkan; tepat 1000.000 halaman ensiklopedia…. inti dari setiap sel mengandung sebanyak itu informasi, yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan fungsi tubuh manusia. Sebagai analogi, kita dapat katakan bahwa bahkan Ensiklopedia Britannica yang banyaknya 23 jilid, salah satu ensiklopedia terbesar di dunia, memiliki 25.000 halaman. Jadi, di hadapan kita terbentang sebuah fakta yang menakjubkan.

Di dalam sebuah molekul yang ditemukan di dalam inti sel, yang jauh lebih kecil dari sel berukuran mikroskopis tempatnya berada, terdapat gudang penyimpanan data yang 40 kali lebih besar daripada ensiklopedia terbesar di dunia yang menyimpang jutaan pokok informasi. Ini sama dengan 920 jilid ensiklopedia besar yang unik dan tidak ada bandingannya di dunia. Riset menemukan bahwa ensiklopedia besar ini diperkirakan mengandung 5 miliar potongan informasi yang berbeda. Jika satu potong informasi yang ada di dalam gen manusia akan dibaca setiap detik, tanpa henti, sepanjang waktu, akan dibutuhkan 100 tahun sebelum proses selesai. Jika kita bayangkan bahwa informasi di dalam DNA dijadikan bentuk buku, lalu buku-buku ini ditumpuk, maka tingginya akan mencapai 70 meter.

Reported Speech - Indirect Speech

Indirect Speech (also referred to as 'reported speech') refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said. It is almost always used in spoken English.

• If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause will be in a past form. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original. For example:
  
  • He said the test was difficult.
  • She said she watched TV every day.
  • Jack said he came to school every day.
• If simple present, present perfect or the future is used in the reporting verb (i.e. says) the tense is retained. For example:
  
  • He says the test is difficult.
  • She has said that she watches TV every day.
  • Jack will say that he comes to school every day.
• If reporting a general truth the present tense will be retained. For example:The teacher said that phrasal verbs are very important.

Changing Pronouns and Time Signifiers
When changing from direct speech to indirect speech, it is often necessary to change the pronouns to match the subject of the sentence.
For example:

• She said, "I want to bring my children." BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children.
• Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show." BECOMES Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show.

It is also important to change time words (signifiers) when referring to present, past or future time to match the moment of speaking.
For example:

• She said, "I want to bring my children tomorrow." BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children the next day.
• Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show yesterday." BECOMES Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show the day before.

Indirect Questions
When reporting questions, it is especially important to pay attention to sentence order. When reporting yes/ no questions connect the reported question using 'if'. When reporting questions using question words (why, where, when, etc.) use the question word.
For example:

• She asked, "Do you want to come with me?" BECOMES She asked me if I wanted to come with her.
• Dave asked, "Where did you go last weekend?" BECOMES Dave asked me where I had gone the previous weekend.
• He asked, "Why are you studying English?" BECOMES She asked me why I was studying English.

The following chart includes sentences changed from quoted speech to reported speech using a past form. NoteSimple past, present perfect, and past perfect allchange to past perfect in the reported form.



See these transformations below:

He said, "I live in Paris."	He said he lived in Paris.
He said, "I am cooking dinner."	He said he was cooking dinner.
He said, "I have visted London twice."	He said he had visited London twice.
He said, "I went to New York last week."	He said he had gone to New York the week before.
He said, "I had already eaten."	He said he had already eaten.
He said, "I am going to find a new job."	He said he was going to find a new job.
He said, "I will give Jack a call."	He said he would give Jack a call.

Check your understanding with this reported speech quiz:
Reported Speech Transformations Quiz

MUSIC SOFTWARE

1. Digital Music Mentor (DMM)

Bagi para musisi, mencari chord (kunci) gitar sebuah lagu sangatlah mudah, tinggal dengerin itu lagu sambil merem-merem, feeling ini feeling itu sambil petik-petik senar gitar , tidak lama kemudian tersenyum lebar… dan.. kemudian berkata “haha… gampaang.. kuncinya dah ketemu.. ayo ladies, mari kita bernyanyi..!”

Naahh.. bagaimana dengan yang bukan musisi…?? Atau yang pandai gitar tapi dengan skill yang pas-pasan… Pasti kepingin juga bisa seperti mereka yang dengan begitu mudahnya mencari chord gitar. Atau pasti kepingin juga mengetahui chord gitar lagu-lagu yang lagi hits saat ini kaan..??

Gampang.. pake software ini aja.. namanya Digital Music Mentor (DMM)

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2. Guitar FX BOX 2.6

Mau menjadikan gitar analogmu tampil dengan suara melengking dan memberikan efek suara berkwalitas bening dan low latency?
Kamu membutuhkan sebuah software pemroses suara gitar yang benar-benar berkelas, dan jawabannya ada di Guitar FX BOX.
Program Guitar FX BOX kini telah hadir dengan versi baru yaitu Guitar FX BOX 2.6. Kamu bisa download, kemudian colokkan gitar (listrik) ke sound card, setup dan jalankan program ini, setelah itu kamu dapat mengatur efek suara dengan kualitas yang luar biasa.

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3. Guitar Rig 3

Ini dia software gitar yang lebih hot, suaranya lebih garang. Kamu bisa pilih efek apa aja dan jadikan kamarmu sebagai studio musikmu sendiri. SELAMAT MENCOBA!

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PREFERENCES

You can use "prefer to (do)" or "prefer -ing" to say what you prefer in general:
• I don't like cities. I prefer to live in the country OR I prefer livingin the country.
Study the differences in structure after prefer. We say:

• I prefer something to something else.
• I prefer to do something rather than (do) something else.
• I prefer doing something to doing something else.

•  I prefer this coat to the coat you were wearing yesterday.
•  I prefer driving to traveling by train.
but • I prefer to drive rather than travel by train.
•  Ann prefers to live in the country rather than (live) in a city.

Would prefer (I'd prefer...)

We use "would prefer" to say what somebody wants in a particular situation (not in general):
•  "Would you prefer tea or coffee" "Coffee, please."
We say "would prefer to do" (not "doing"):
•  "Shall we go by train?" "Well, I'd prefer to go by car. (not "I'd prefer going")
•  I'd prefer to stay at home tonight rather than go to the cinema.

Would rather (I'd rather...)

Would rather (do) = would prefer (to do). After would rather we use the infinitive without to.
Compare:

•   "Shall we go by train?"	"I'd prefer to go by car."
	"I'd rather go by car. (not to go)

•  "Would you rather have tea or coffee" "Coffee, please."
The negative is "I'd rather not (do something)":
•  I'm tired. I'd rather not go out this evening, if you don't mind.
•  "Do you want to go out this evening" "I'd rather not."
Study the structure after would rather:

I'd rather

do something

than (do)

something else.

•  I'd rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema.

I'd rather you did something

When you want somebody to do something, you can say "I'd rather you did something":
•  "Shall I stay here?" "I'd rather you came with us."
•  "Shall I tell them the news?" "No. I'd rather they didn't know."
•  "Shall I tell them or would you rather they didn't know?"
In this structure we use the past (came, did etc.), but the meaning is present or future, not past.
Compare:
•  I'd rather cook the dinner now.
but • I'd rather you cooked the dinner now. (not "I'd rather you cook")
The negative is "I'd rather you didn't...":
•  I'd rather you didn't tell anyone what I said.
• "Do you mind if I smoke?" "I'd rather you didn't."

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